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Ptolemais was a roman colony in southern Phoenicia, called ''Colonia Claudia Felix Ptolemais Garmanica Stabilis''.〔(Roman Ptolemais: recent discoveries )〕 It was even called "Ptolemais in Phoenicia" (or "Akko" in Phoenician language, and "Ake" or "Akre") and later in the Middle Ages was famous as "Acre". Roman Ptolemais was under Rome for nearly seven centuries from 37 BC until 636 AD, when was conquered by the Arabs. ==History== Around 37 BC the Romans conquered the Hellenized Phoenician port-city called Akko. Under Augustus was built a "Gymnasium" in the city. In 4BC The Roman Proconsul Publius Quinctilius Varus assembled there his army in order to suppress the revolts that break out in the region following the death of Herod the Great. During the rule of the emperor Claudius there was a building drive in Ptolemais and veterans of the legions settled here. The city was one of four colonies (with Berytus, Aelia Capitolina and Caesarea Maritima) created in ancient Levant by Roman emperors for veterans of their Roman legions.〔Butcher, 2003; p. 231〕 As a result Claudius granted the title "Colonia Claudia Felix Ptolemais Garmanica Stabilis". The city was a center of Romanization in the region, but most of the population was made of local Phoenicians and Jews: as a consequence after the Hadrian times the descendants of the initial roman colonists were no more speaking Latin and were fully assimilated in less than two centuries (however the local society's customs were roman). In 66 AD Gessius Florus, the Roman Procurator of Judea, conducted an initial massacre of the Jews living in the city. The next year Vespasian, the Roman military commander (soon to be emperor), accompanied by Josephus (Titus Flavius Josephus), moved from Akko-Ptolemais to suppress the Jewish rebellion in the Galilee. In 80 AD the future emperor Titus arrived in Ptolemais to aid his father Vespasian in conducting his protracted war in the Galilee against the Jewish rebellion there. In 130 AD the port of Ptolemais was used as a base for the Roman Legions setting forth to suppress the Bar-Kochba revolt. After the destruction of Jerusalem many Jews settled in Ptolemais, that was losing its original Phoenician characteristics since Augustus times. In 190 AD Christianity started to be important in the city: Clarus, the Bishop of Ptolemais, participated in a council of Christian leaders. Ptolemais grew to be an important port in the eastern Mediterranean sea of the Roman empire. After Hadrian times Ptolemais was the commercial center & port of Jewish Galilea and was starting to be no more part of Phoenicia. In 351 AD Constantius Gallus suppressed a Jewish rebellion and did a small massacre of the Jews of Akko-Ptolemais (who were starting to be the majority of the city's population and rejected Roman domination). Under Byzantine control the city lost importance and around 636 AD was conquered by the Arab Amr ibn al-Aas. Following the defeat of the Byzantine army of Heraclius by the Muslim army of Khalid ibn al-Walid in the Battle of Yarmouk, and the capitulation of the Christian city of Jerusalem to the Caliph Umar, Ptolemais was ruled by the Rashidun Caliphate beginning in 638 AD. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ptolemais in Phoenicia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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